He proposed that the 10-fold factors for inter- and intra-species variation should be subdivided into factors of 4 for toxicokinetics and 2.5 for toxicodynamics. Renwick also proposed a division of each of these factors into sub-factors to allow for separate evaluations of differences in toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic based on the relative magnitude of toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics variation between and within species. Historically, the assessment factor of 100 intended to cover the interspecies (animal-to-human) and inter-individual (human-to-human) variations has often been used as a default.īased on factor 100, Renwick (Renwick 1991, Renwick 1993) has attempted to provide a scientific basis for the default values of 10 for interspecies and 10 for inter-individual variability. The safety or uncertainty factor 100 is used to convert NOAEL from an animal toxicity study to an ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake) value for human intake, ADI = NOAEL/100. In the health risk assessment of chemicals, the determination of a NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level) is often based on data only from animal experiments. General Considerations in Health Risk Assessment of Pesticides This is why pesticides are used as representative xenobiotics in this research program. Humans are inevitably exposed to pesticides in a variety of ways: at different dose levels and for varying periods of time (Boobis et al. In an extrapolation, WHO/UNEP estimated that more than 3 million people were hospitalized for pesticide poisoning every year and that 220 000 died it particularly noted that two-thirds of hospitalizations and the majority of deaths were attributable to intentional self-poisoning rather than to occupational or accidental poisoning. On a worldwide basis, acute pesticide poisoning is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. 2006).Ĭhronic exposure to low levels of pesticides can cause mutations and/ or carcinogenicity (Bull et al. Exposure to pesticides is a global challenge to risk assessment (Maroni et al. Protecting public health is the primary reason why risk assessment of xenobiotics, be they pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, or industrial chemicals, is of utmost importance. Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window).Click to share on Telegram (Opens in new window).Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window). Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window).Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window).Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window).Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window).
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